What is the term for when a country exerts control over another nation or region?

The term "imperialism" refers to a policy or practice where a country extends its power and influence over other nations or regions, often through military force, diplomacy, or economic dominance. This can involve direct territorial acquisition or more indirect methods of exerting control, such as economic pressure or cultural influence. Historically, imperialism has played a significant role in the expansion of empires, leading to geopolitical changes and conflicts as powerful nations sought to expand their spheres of influence.

In contrast, colonialism is a term that specifically describes the practice of settling in a new territory while maintaining control over the indigenous population and resources, which is more focused on the establishment of colonies. The terms "encomienda" and "viceroyalty" refer to specific systems established during the Spanish colonization of the Americas—encomienda pertains to the labor systems forced upon indigenous people, while viceroyalty denotes the administrative regions governed by a viceroy on behalf of the monarchy. While related to control and governance, these terms do not encompass the broader political and economic motivations of imperialism.